بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

سلام،

خيلی ممنونم دايي.

Genetic is a fantastic branch of sciences that studies the gene, its behaviour, effects and final product. Scientists found there are several characters that inherited from parents to children and from generation to generation during gene modification. This influences by genetic mutation sometimes, so some abnormality and unwanted effects may be occurred. Scientists can analyse genetically findings by new methods that are created on new technological advanced facilities nowadays. Moreover these allowed them to find new answers to the previous questions. For instance, although there were some diseases with hereditary etiology during several years and have classified in spontaneous group, doctors now could find the genetic reasons of its pathogenicity.  In addition, possible future uses of genetic such as new application of stem cells are predicted. However, it has some dramatic advantages, but other new aspects are occurred as some dangerous situations such as ethical risk or restriction. Therefore, they have to minimize these kinds of risks and avoid them near future. This assignment firstly mentions the results of advanced technological methods in genetics, secondly predicts some possible future applications of stem cells in genetics, thirdly evaluates their new risks and finally suggests some risk minimization strategies

The new laboratory equipments have made genetic methods more accurate. It means that the one reason of a decrease in human errors is the application of these machines. Because of this, the final results of the experimental studies have more validated.  In addition, these facilities are safer and easier than the old ones. Hence, inspection of more examinations and finding the new answers to the old questions results in improvement of genetic science. Consequently, doctors could understand the etiology of some hereditary diseases as much as before. For example, it has cleared that some blood diseases such as Thalassemia caused by a special gene mutation

Now, scientists know that there are two kinds of stem cells; embryo and somatic. These have two specific characters; self renewal and potency that mean the ability to go through numerous of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state and the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types. When there is an increase in application of these facilities, new possible fields occur. For example, chronic ulcers such as burned skins, diabetic foot, bedsores and old age ulcers are a main problem in medicine. Because these kinds of ulcers have not good remodelling behaviour to cure, doctors try to find a solution.

 So, genetic researchers hope to use the proliferation ability of stem cells and build new artificial skin to treat these chronic ulcers. In addition, ideally, somatic stem cells from the patient will be extracted and manipulated and then reintroduced into the same patient to cure debilitating diseases near future. In this way, clonogenic assays as a laboratory procedure can be employed in vitro to test whether single cells can differentiate and self-renew. Another reason why stem cells researches are being pursued is to develop new drugs. Scientists could measure a drug’s effect on healthy, normal tissue by testing the drug on tissue grown from stem cells rather than testing the drug on human volunteers

However, there are several merits to apply these new genetical methods, some disadvantages are distinguished. Firstly, as the same other researches as, there is a limitation to use new experimental methods in medicine. It means that researchers have to examine their procedures in animal case studies and publish the results in peer reviewed journals. Then they have allowed using human’s cases. As a result, it has prolonged an extension of three to five years minimally. Secondly, there exists a widespread controversy over stem cells researches that emanate from the techniques used in the creation and usage of stem cells. With the present state of technology, starting an embryo stem cell line requires the destruction of a human embryo and/or therapeutic cloning. It means that the specific field of stem cells researches in genetics is the centre of an ethical debate. Opponents of these kinds of studies argued that a human embryo is a human life and is therefore entitled to protection

Lastly, they also take issue with the creation of chimeras. A chimera is an organism that has either human and animal cells or tissues. Often in stem cell researches, human cells are inserted into animals like mice or rats and allowed to develop. This creates the opportunity for researchers to see what happens when stem cells are implanted. Many people, however, object to the creation of an organism that is “part human”.۰۸/۰۵/۰۹

To minimize the ethical risk, supporters of stem cell researches argue that such research should be pursued because the resultant treatments could have significant medical potential. They also have identified that mark the beginning of life only after the development of certain organs or after a certain period of time. Finally, they are also mentioned that excess embryos created for in vitro fertilization could be donated with consent and used for the research.  ۰۹/۰۵/۰۹